4.A.1
● Compare the synthesis and decomposition of biological
macromolecules.
The structure and the function of
the polymers are derived from the way their monomers are assembled
● Where does the energy needed to drive the synthesis of
biological macromolecules come from?
The energy that drives synthesis is from dehydration
synthesis reaction
● How does the structure of <polysaccharides, proteins,
nucleic acids> influence the function of those molecules?
The way that monomers are assembled in the polymers determine what
function the molecules will do
● How does the structure of DNA contribute to it’s roles
in protein synthesis and heritability?
The structure of DNA is divided into a five carbon sugar, a phosphate
group and a nitrogen base.
● How do the differences in the structure of DNA and RNA
contribute to the difference in the functions of those molecules?
Due to the difference in the sugar (Deoxyribose DNA or Ribose RNA) and
the phosphate group (Thymine and Uracil) that allows DNA to be double helix and
RNA to be single stranded.
● Explain how the sequence of amino acids in a protein
determines each level of that protein’s structure.
The specific order of the monomers with interactions with the
environment determine the shape of the protein
● Explain how the conditions of the environment that a
protein is in affect the structure and function of that protein.
If a protein is under constant denaturing it will change its shape and
lose its function
● Explain how the structure of lipids determines the polarity
of the molecule.
Differences in saturation of lipids effect the structure
of a lipid because if it is saturated it has maximum number of hydrogen atoms
and no double bonds.
● Why is starch easily digested by animals, while
cellulose isn’t?
The structure of starch allows organism to consume and breakdown starch
into glucose but cellulose has a two dimensional structure that is more stable
and harder to break down.
● Explain how directionality influences structure and function of the
following polymer:
1. Nucleic acids
DNA is created in a 3 to 5 direction while RNA is
created 5 to 3 with the structure of its nucleotides.
4.A.2
● Diagram the
endomembrane system of eukaryotic cells.
● Describe ribosome structure and
function.
Ribosomes have two interacting parts
ribosomal RNA and protein. Ribosomes are where proteins are synthesized from
translation
● Describe the
two types endoplasmic reticulum (ER) in both structure and function.
The
Rough endoplasmic reticulum functions are compartmentalize the cell, mechanical
support, provides site specific protein. The smooth ER synthesizes produces
lipids and toxins.
● Describe the Golgi complex structure
and their function
● The
Golgi complex is a membrane bound structure that consists of a series of flattened
membrane sacs and serves to package and transport vesicles and produces
lysosomes
● Describe mitochondria structure and
function.
The mitrochondria acts to capture and use energy. It
has a double membrane that allows compartmentalization within the mitochondria
while the outer membrane is smooth
● Describe lysosome structure and
function
● Lysosomes
are membrane enclosed sacs that contain hydrottic enzymes that digest cell
materials and program apoptosis
● Describe a vacuole structure and
function
● Vacuole
is a membrane bound sac that plays roles in intracellular digestion and
releases cellular waste products.
● Compare the cellular organization of
prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Prokaryotes have no nucleus while in eukaryotic cells
have a large vacuole
● Compare the
structural similarities and differences of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cell
walls, chromosomes and ribosomes.
Only
plant cells actually contain a cell wall in eukaryotic cells and both
eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic have chromosomes in the ribosomes.
● Explain the structure and function
relationship in the chloroplast.
Chloroplast captures energy from
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts have chlorophyll’s which allows the plant to
reflect all lights and capture sunlight
● Explain what chlorophyll is and why
they are important.
Chloroplasts have chlorophyll’s which
allows the plant to reflect all lights and capture sunlight
● Explain the
structure and function relationships between chloroplasts and mitochondria
Both are primary source for creating energy but
mitochondria produce them.
● Relate
structural and functional evidence in chloroplasts and mitochondria to the
endosymbiotic theory of their origins.
Chloroplasts
and mitochondria both have double membranes and shows that they both originate
from each other
4.A.3
·
Discuss how interactions between external
stimuli and gene expression result in specialization of cells, tissues and
organs.
External
stimuli act as cues for gene expression from transcription factors which allows
to specialize cells by turning on certain genes.
4.A.4
·
Discuss how the following organs interact
o
Kidney and bladder
The kidneys and bladder function together in osmoregulation
and excretion.
o
Stomach and small intestines
The stomach and small intestine coordinate together in
digestion and absorption of food.
o
Lungs and blood
The lungs and blood interact in the respiratory and
circulatory system where the exchange of gases between the cells of an organism
with the environment.
o
Xylem, phloem and leaves
All of these function together in the production and
transport of carbs and water throughout plants.
·
Discuss how the following organ systems interact
o
Circulatory and respiratory
The lungs and blood interact in the respiratory and
circulatory system where the exchange of gases between the cells of an organism
with the environment.
o
Vascular tissues and leaves
Plant vascular systems and leaves work together in the
synthesis and transport of carbs.
o
Nervous and muscular
The nervous system and the muscular system coordinate to provide
movement.
4.A.5
Explain how
species composition and diversity can be used to describe the structure of a
community.
Richness is how many different species are
in a community while species diversities is the number of species that are in a
community
● Explain why
mathematical/computer models are used to illustrate and investigate population
growth patterns, population interactions, and environmental impacts on a
community. Describe the strengths and
limitations of these analytical approaches.
They’re used because they supply
accurate models of population interactions within communities and environmental
impacts on communities. Some limitations are that they can only measure
outwardly and not individually.
● Compare the
exponential and logistic growth models for a population.
Experimental growth makes a J shape when it
increases and shows a population that just keeps growing and growing. Logistic
growth creats a S shaped curbe and shows that a population is near the carrying
capacity of a environment
● Explain how
demographic data can be used to analyze populations.
Demography can show the difference in ages
in a population for example in the United States
● Describe the
major demographic features of the human population locally and globally.
Humans display logistic growth
because in the United States we have got effective health care and birth
control however globally we have exponential growth because most countries have
many children and as a result have a growth in population
4.A.6
● Describe how ecosystems provide
organisms with their energetic and matter requirements.
Ecosystems allow energy to flow
through and be recycled though first producers and then consumers and food webs
and food chains.
● Explain how changes in climate can
influence primary productivity in an ecosystem.
When C02 measures rise, temperature
can increase and this affects Primary productivity because there is more carbon
to be recycled and much gets trapped in the atmosphere.
● Compare food
chains and food webs.
Food chains have trophic levels that
start with Primary producers and work their way up to from Primary consumers to
Quinary consumers. Food webs consist of several interrelated food chains and
are drawn with arrows to signify the flow of energy.
● Describe the
major interactions among organisms in a food web.
All are dependent upon primary
productivity and are all interconnected (so one depends upon the other for
survival).
● Explain how modeling of the trophic
structure of an ecosystem can be used to make predictions about the effects of
changes in biotic and abiotic factors on that ecosystem. Describe the strengths and limitations of
this approach.
Some strengths include the fact that
the change in biotic and abiotic factors can be correctly graphed but sometimes
flawed in design as other normal factors could affect the direction of the
graph itself.
● Provide examples to demonstrate how
human activities have impacted ecosystems on local, regional, and global
scales. Describe the causes, and effects
of these impacts, and discuss possible avenues of mitigating these impacts.
On these scales, our increased
population has lead to more and more needs for natural resource extraction and
this is impacting our environments by reducing the diversity on this planet and
sometimes the extinction of species. Some possible ways to curve this trend is
to be more knowledgeable on the fact that these things impact all others and
sources of energy in their environments.
● Provide examples of species that have
been driven to extinction by human activities.
For
example, due to human activities, is the
Pinta Island tortoise and was hunted to extinction by humans in the 19th
century.
